Electric roads pave the way for smaller car batteries

The Swedish government has proposed a ban on new petrol and diesel cars from 2030 to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The same trends are seen across Europe, as demonstrated by the rapid increasing sales of electric vehicles. As this development progresses, challenges are also increasing, including the uneven load on the power grid and where to charge the electric vehicles.

Different ways of charging vehicles on the move

Several countries, including Sweden, Denmark, and Germany, are testing whether electric road system (ERS) can be used to electrify road networks. An ERS charges moving vehicles with either loops in or next to the road, or with wires suspended above vehicles, similar to trams and trains. All variants mean that vehicles do not need to be parked to charge, and there are less needs for large batteries storing energy to overcome “range anxiety,” a term referring to the fear or concern of an electric vehicle driver’s experiences about the distance their electric vehicle can travel before the battery needs to be charged.

Now researchers from Chalmers have used data from over 400 passenger cars to study real driving patterns on different parts of Swedish national and European roads. They have used the data to calculate, among other things, battery size needs to complete all journeys given possible charging options (stationary versus ERS), charging patterns, and total costs including infrastructure and batteries.

Smaller battery results in lower costs

The results show that a combination of electric roads on 25 per cent of the busiest national and European roads and home charging would be optimal. The batteries, which account for a large part of the cost for an electric car, can become significantly smaller, at best only one-third of the current size.

"We see that it is possible to reduce the required range of batteries by more than two thirds if you combine charging in this way. This would reduce the need for raw materials for batteries, and an electric car could also become cheaper for the consumer," says Sten Karlsson, who, together with research colleagues Wasim Shoman and Sonia Yeh, is behind the study – "Benefits of an Electric Road System for Battery Electric Vehicles."

Other positive effects are that peaks in electricity consumption would be reduced if car drivers did not entirely rely on home charging but also supplemented it with electric road charging.

“After all, many people charge their cars after work and during the night, which puts a lot of strain on the power grid. By instead charging more evenly throughout the day, peak load would be significantly reduced.

Limited benefit in sparsely populated areas

But different groups of motorists also have different conditions for benefiting from the combination of stationary charging and ERS.

“There are big differences between groups, depending on driving patterns and proximity to electric roads. Even in the optimal case, some would manage with only electric road charging, while others would not be able to use the opportunity at all. For example, we see that those who live in the countryside would need almost 20 per cent greater range on their batteries compared to those who live in a city centre," says Wasim Shoman.

The study also shows that small batteries do not automatically lead to charging through ERS.

"Just because you can charge does not mean the consumer actually wants to do it at every given opportunity. The business model, therefore, becomes extremely important because benefits and costs may become unevenly distributed. And there are no decisions yet on what the business model should look like," says Sten Karlsson.

Facts about electric roads in Sweden

There are a few short test sections with different electric road technologies in Sweden, including in Lund and on Gotland, but the first pilot with a permanent electric road is now underway. The Swedish Transport Administration is building a 21-kilometre stretch between Örebro and Hallsberg alongside the E20. The electric road is expected to be completed in 2026. You can read more about the project on the Swedish Transport Administration's website.

The study in brief

• The article “Benefits of an Electric Road System for Battery Electric Vehicles” has been published in the World Electric Vehicle Journal and is written by Chalmers researchers Wasim Shoman, Sten Karlsson and Sonia Yeh.
• While the Electric Road System, ERS, is mainly being considered for trucks to allow them to travel longer distances with smaller batteries, and to avoid waiting for charging, private cars can also benefit. This is the first study to simulate battery charging by studying in detail the movement patterns of 412 privately driven cars on parts of Swedish national and European roads.
• The aim was to study what potential benefits there might be with a so-called electric road system (ERS) where cars charge while driving. Based on the data, they calculated, for example, battery requirements, charging patterns and total costs. The researchers compared three charging scenarios, one with both stationary charging and ERS, one with stationary charging only and one with exclusively ERS charging infrastructure. Trucks or buses are not included in the analysis, so any benefits for these will be added.
• A combination of ERS and home charging is optimal and reduces battery demand by 62–71 per cent in the best case scenario. The net savings for the car owner from smaller batteries exceed the cost of ERS.
• The median battery range required by residents of sparsely populated areas is 15–18 per cent greater than that of urban residents.
• To stop stationary charging is possible for many but not all vehicles.
• Using ERS can also reduce peak charging by spreading charging throughout the day.
• The research has been funded by Mistra and the Energy Area of Advance, at Chalmers University of Technology.
• Additional reading about environmental impact regarding ERS: "If Electric Cars Are Good for Reducing Emissions, They Could Be Even Better with Electric Roads", Environmental Science & Technology