Scientists and engineers at the giant Alma telescope have made the first measurements with new receivers, opening up yet another new window on the universe. Designed by the research group Gard at Chalmers and Onsala Space Observatory, the new receivers will enable Alma to give new insights into our cosmic origins, from distant stars and galaxies to planets and the building blocks of life.
Alma's “Band 2” receivers open a new window into our cosmic origins, allowing measurements that reveal how distant stars and galaxies form, all the way down to the origins of planets and the building blocks of life.
Alma, located on the Chajnantor Plateau in Chile, consists of a total of 66 antennas, each equipped with an arsenal of highly sensitive receivers. Each receiver type observes within a particular band, or range of wavelengths in the submillimetre/millimetre region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In total these bands cover a window from 0.3 to 8.6 millimetres (950 to 35 GHz; Bands 10 to 1, respectively). Band 2 opens a completely new window from 67-84 GHz, while expanding the bandwidth available in the 84-116 GHz frequency range, which is also covered by band 3.
Alma Band 2 will allow important measurements of the cold interstellar medium, the mixture of dust and molecular gas that exists in the space between stars and fuels star formation. As well as this, Alma will be able to study the properties of dust and molecules in objects from planet-forming discs to far-away galaxies at a level of detail never achieved before.
Closer to home, the new receivers will enable observations of complex organic molecules in nearby galaxies, providing clues on how the conditions for life to begin are created. At the same time, Band 2 will be important for helping astronomers better understand how planets form by probing the carbon monoxide "snow line", a region in planet-forming discs far away enough from the central stars for gas to condense.
The first Band 2 pre-production receiver was successfully installed and tested on an ALMA antenna earlier this year. Now, a second and third Band 2 pre-production receiver have been installed on two other ALMA antennas, enabling true interferometry: measuring the fringe pattern that results from the correlation of multiple signals from a bright astronomical object. This “first fringes” milestone means astronomers have been able to combine the signals from multiple antennas for the first time in Band 2. As further ALMA antennas are upgraded with Band 2 receivers, the amount of detail and level of sensitivity will improve, allowing for ever more precise observations of our Universe.
Production of the first receiver cartridges was carried out by a consortium including the Group for Advanced Receiver Development (GARD) at Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers, together with NOVA (the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy), and the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) in collaboration with the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The development of Band 2 has been led by ESO together with partners at NAOJ, University of Chile, several European institutes and industry.
Now, the team will work to optimise the performance of the pre-production receivers, and this will be followed by full production of the remaining receivers for installation on all 66 antennas, ushering in a new era of observations for ALMA. In concert with complementary ALMA upgrades planned for the 2030 time frame, the installation of Band 2 will enable an instantaneous bandwidth four times larger than what most current ALMA receivers can achieve, dramatically increasing its observation speed.
More about Alma
Alma is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states, among them Sweden), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSTC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ.
Chalmers and Onsala Space Observatory have been involved in Alma since its inception; receivers for the telescope are one of many contributions. Onsala Space Observatory is host to the Nordic Alma Regional Centre, which provides technical expertise to the Alma project and supports astronomers in the Nordic countries in using Alma.
Images
For high-resolution images, see ESO's press release: https://www.eso.org/public/sweden/announcements/ann23013/
- Communications Officer, Onsala Space Observatory, Space, Earth and Environment
- Head of Unit, Onsala Space Observatory, Space, Earth and Environment